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Achievements
1. VARIETAL EVOLUTION
a. Approved Varieties.
A number of high yielding sugarcane varieties have been evolved (Table-1). The varieties CP77-400, CP72-2086, CPF-237, HSF-240, SPF-213, HSF-242 and CPF-243 are land mark for sugar yields. They give about 53 percent higher sugar recovery than unapproved commercial variety SPF-238. Technology is available for proper land preparation, optimum planting time, seed rate, seed quality, planting method, fertilizer application, irrigation frequency (scheduling), Plant protection measures and harvesting schedule for maximizing cane and sugar yields.
The yield gap between progressive and conventional growers lies in the level of input used and it is to the tune of 2:1. The national average yield can be raised to 60 tonnes per hectare with sugar recovery of 10 percent, against the existing yields of 48.50 tonnes cane and 9.46 percent sugar recovery in Punjab, if research recommendations are judiciously adopted.
Table -1 VARIETIES DEVELOPED / RELEASED ALONG-WITH THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
|
S#
|
Varieties
|
Year of release
|
Yield Potential (t/ha)
|
Average cane yield (t/ha)
|
Sugar recovery (%)
|
Sugar Yield (t/ha)
|
|
1.
|
COL-29
|
1954
|
80
|
70
|
10.10
|
7.07
|
|
2.
|
COL-44
|
1954
|
85
|
75
|
8.93
|
6.69
|
|
3.
|
COL-54
|
1963
|
90
|
75
|
9.63
|
7.22
|
|
4.
|
BL-19
|
1966
|
100
|
85
|
9.49
|
8.00
|
|
5.
|
BL-4
|
1968
|
120
|
85
|
10.34
|
8.79
|
|
6.
|
L-116
|
1973
|
85
|
75
|
10.81
|
8.11
|
|
7.
|
L-118
|
1975
|
95
|
83
|
8.93
|
6.83
|
|
8.
|
Triton
|
1983
|
100
|
85
|
10.10
|
8.58
|
|
9.
|
BF-162
|
1990
|
120
|
90
|
10.35
|
9.31
|
|
10.
|
CO-43-33
|
1996
|
90
|
80
|
11.69
|
9.35
|
|
11.
|
CP-72-2086
|
1996
|
100
|
85
|
12.35
|
10.49
|
|
12.
|
CP77-400
|
1996
|
120
|
90
|
11.90
|
10.72
|
|
13.
|
CoJ-84
|
2000
|
110
|
90
|
9.80
|
8.82
|
|
14.
|
SPF-213
|
2000
|
120
|
90
|
10.50
|
9.45
|
|
15.
|
CPF-237
|
2000
|
130
|
95
|
12.50
|
11.87
|
|
16.
|
HSF-240
|
2002
|
125
|
95
|
11.92
|
11.32
|
|
17.
|
SPF-234
|
2002
|
135
|
100
|
11.60
|
11.60
|
|
18.
|
SPF-245
|
2004
|
120
|
100
|
11.00
|
11.00
|
|
19.
|
HSF-242
|
2006
|
125
|
102
|
12.50
|
12.75
|
|
20
|
CPF-243.
|
2006
|
130
|
102
|
12.55
|
12.80
|
b. Pipe line varieties.
At present there are twelve varieties in pipe line (Table 2). The approval case of CPF- 246 has been submitted, while rest of the varieties are ready for approval.
Table – 2. SUGARCANE VARIETIES IN PIPELINE AT SUGARCANE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, FAISALABAD.
|
S#.
|
Name of Varieties
|
Av. Yield (t/ha)
|
Yield Potential (t/ha)
|
S. Recovery (%)
|
Remarks
|
|
1.
|
S2002-US-637
(CPF-246) ( R)
|
105
|
120
|
12.00
|
Medium
|
|
2.
|
S2003-US-623 (R )
|
105
|
120
|
12.00
|
Medium
|
|
3
|
S2002-US-133 (R )
|
101
|
120
|
12.25
|
Early
|
|
4
|
S2003-US-114 (R )
|
100
|
125
|
13.10
|
Medium
|
|
5
|
S2003-US-694 (R )
|
106
|
120
|
12.45
|
Early
|
|
6
|
S2003-US-718 (R )
|
100
|
130
|
12.75
|
Medium
|
|
7
|
S2003-US-394 (R )
|
102
|
120
|
12.48
|
Early
|
|
8
|
S2003-US-633 (R )
|
105
|
125
|
13.00
|
Early
|
|
9
|
S2003-US-778 (MR )
|
105
|
130
|
12.90
|
Medium
|
|
10
|
S2003-US-247 (R )
|
105
|
130
|
12.45
|
Early
|
|
11
|
S2003-US-127 (R )
|
106
|
130
|
14.00
|
Early
|
|
12
|
S2000-US-50 (R )
|
105
|
115
|
12.49
|
Medium
|
2. Alternate skip irrigation
Drought conditions during the current years resulted in shortage of canal water, whereas sugarcane is a high delta water crop. Keeping this in view Institute has evolved a new method i.e. alternate skip irrigation which saves water up to 43% without much affecting cane yield and sugar recoveries.
SUGARCANE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
|
1.
|
Selection of Soil
|
:
|
Deep, fertile and well drained loamy soil.
|
|
2.
|
Preparation of land
|
:
|
Precised land leveling, once rotavator, cross chiseling, 3-4 ploughings followed by 1-2 plankings.
|
|
3.
|
Planting time
|
:
|
February 15 to March 15 for spring planting
Full month of September for autumn planting
|
|
4.
|
Planting method
|
:
|
Two rows at 10 inches apart in a 4 feet apart trench ( Two feet wide and one feet deep trenches and two feet wide bed)
|
|
5.
|
Seed rate & seed quality
|
:
|
80-100 maunds per acre disease free or 30000 DBS/ 20000 TBS/acre is optimum seed rate.
|
|
6.
|
Seed cover
|
:
|
Covering of seed with 1 to 1.5 inches soil.
|
|
7.
|
Varieties
|
:
|
North zone : CP 77-400, CP 72-2086, CPF-237
SPF-213, HSF-240 and HSF-242
Central zone : CPF-237,CP 43-33, SPF-213, CP 77-400, CP 72-2086, HSF-240,
HSF-242 & CPF-243
South zone : CP 77-400, CP 72-2086, CPF-237, CP 43-33, BF-162, SPF-213,
SPSG-26, HSF-240, SPF-245, CPF-243 & SPF-234.
|
|
8.
|
Weed control
|
:
|
Spray of Ametrin + Atrazin (80 WP) @ 1 kg + 40 g Sunstar 15% W.G. per acre after 6 days of sowing in watter condition.
|
|
9.
|
Fertilizer
|
:
|
FYM 5 t/acre or pressmud 2 t/acre should be applied one month before sowing.
2 Bags DAP or 5 bags of SSP (16 -18%) at sowing
1 Bag Urea and 1 bag SOP at completion of germination & 1 Bag Urea after 60 days of sowing.
1 bag urea and 1 bag SOP after 90 days of sowing at the time of earthing up.
|
|
10.
|
Irrigation
|
:
|
March – April : 3 irrigations
May – June : 5 irrigations
July – October : 6 irrigations
Nov – December : 2 irrigations
|
|
11.
|
Interculture
|
:
|
After completion of germination, rotavate the beds once or interculture twice, once in “Wattar” and 2nd in dry condition. During tillering again interculture twice once in wattar and 2nd in dry condition with inter-row cultivator before earthing up.
|
|
12.
|
Earthing up
|
:
|
Complete earthing up at the completion of tillering.
|
|
13.
|
Plant Protection
|
:
|
Apply one bag (8 kg) of granules in furrows after placement of seed setts and irrigate the field or 2 liter Chloropyriphos per acre with water to control borers and termites.
Apply 1 bag (8 kg) of granules at completion of germination.
Apply 2 bags of granules after earthing up followed by heavy irrigation.
In case of Pyrilla or white fly attack, apply Chloropyriphos @ 2 liters/acre with irrigation
Grow separate nursery of approved varieties to obtain disease free seed for sowing.
|
|
14.
|
Harvesting
|
:
|
Stop irrigation 25-30 days before harvesting.
Harvest Ist early then medium - late varieties.
Harvest lodged, ratoon and September crop first preferably.
|
|
15.
|
Ratoon Management
|
:
|
Keep ratoon from Feb – Mar harvested crop.
Cut crop close to the ground level.
Apply 30% more fertilizer.
Control weeds from ratoon crop with weedicides and interculture, control insect pests with granules, and control termites with chloropyriphos @ 2 liter / acre with water.
|
Impact of production technology
-
20% yield increased by trench planting over flat planting.
-
Disease free seed improves cane yield and sugar recovery by 30% and 25%, respectively.
-
Biological control and light traps are effective tools against sugarcane borers.
-
Under water stress conditions alternate skip irrigation improves the cane yield and saves water.
-
Fertilizer drilling improves cane yield upto 50% over broadcasting.
-
Integrated use of organic/press mud and inorganic fertilizer improves the cane yield upto 23% with reduction in production cost.
-
Integrated chemical and mechanical weed control improves cane yield over alone chemical or mechanical method of weed control.
-
September sowing improved the yield by 25-30% and mill recovery by 1.0%.
FUTURE STRATEGIES / PLANS
- Evolution of high cane and sugar recovery varieties.
- Screening and selection of sugarcane varieties against insects and diseases.
- Propagation of high cane and sugar producing varieties to reduce the gap between experimental and provincial average.
- Development of improved production technology.
- Research on press-mud application to increase the cane yield.
- Research on post harvest losses.
- Irrigation methods for better water use efficiency.
- To estimate losses caused by sugarcane diseases and insects and develop control
- measures.
- Maintenance of gene-pool for variety development programme.
- Import of sugarcane fuzz for variety evolution.
- Develop resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses in sugarcane through
- biotechnology.
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